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History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel
The Jewish people have long maintained both physical and religious ties with the land of Israel. The first appearance of the name "Israel" in the historic record is the Merneptah Stele, ''circa'' 1200 BCE. During the biblical period, two kingdoms occupied the highland zone, the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (''circa'' 722 BCE) and the Kingdom of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (586 BCE). Upon the defeat of the Babylonian Empire by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great, the Jewish elite returned to Jerusalem and the Second Temple was built.
In 165 BCE, the independent Hasmonean Kingdom was established. Although coming under the sway of various empires and home to a variety of ethnicities, the area of ancient Israel was predominantly Jewish until the Jewish–Roman wars. After this time, Jews became a minority in most regions, except Galilee. The area became increasingly Christian after the 3rd century, though the percentages of Christians and Jews are unknown, the former perhaps coming to predominate in urban areas, the latter remaining in rural areas〔Catherine Hezser , (''Jewish Literacy in Roman Palestine,'' ) Mohr Siebeck, 2001 pp.170-171.〕 Jewish settlements declined from over 160 to 50 by the time of the Muslim conquest. Michael Avi-Yonah calculated that Jews constituted 10-15% of Palestine's population by the time of the Persian invasion of 614.〔Michael Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews Under Roman and Byzantine Rule: A Political History of Palestine from the Bar Kokhba War to the Arab Conquest,'' Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1984, pp.15-19,20,132-3, 241 cited William David Davies,Louis Finkelstein,Steven T. Katz (eds.), ( ''The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,'' ) pp.407ffff.〕 while Moshe Gil claims that Jews constituted the majority of the population until 7th century Muslim conquest.〔Moshe Gil, "A History of Palestine: 634-1099", p. 3.〕
==Etymology==
The term Jews in its original meaning refers to the people of the tribe of Judah or the people of the kingdom of Judah. The name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob.〔"Jew", ''Oxford English Dictionary''.〕 Originally, the Hebrew term Jews Yehudi referred only to members of the tribe of Judah. Later, after the destruction of the northern kingdom of Israel, the term Jews was applied for the tribes of Judah, Benjamin and Levi, as well as scattered settlements from other tribes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.jewfaq.org/whoisjew.htm )〕
The land of Israel, which is considered by Jews to be the promised land, was the place where Jewish identity was formed,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishn00palm )〕 although this identity was formed gradually reaching many of its current form in the Exilic and post-Exilic period.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Ancient_and_Medieval_History/2500_BCE-539_BCE/Religion_and_Culture.shtml?HSAM )〕 By the Hellenistic period (after 332 BCE) the Jews had become a self-consciously separate community based in Jerusalem.
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